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Kazakhstan and China signed 58 Commercial Documents Worth Over $24 Billion 25.06.2025
As part of the Second Central Asia – China Industrial and Investment Cooperation Forum with the participation of First Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan Roman Sklyar, 58 commercial documents worth over $24 billion were signed between Kazakhstan and Chinese companies.An investment agreement was signed with Chinese company Fufeng Group for a deep corn processing project in the Zhambyl region. The investment amount is $800 million. This is one of the largest projects in Kazakhstan's agro-industrial sector, allowing for the processing of up to 1 million tons of corn per year and the production of high value-added products, including lysine and amino acids. In addition to creating 1,500 jobs, the project opens a stable market for regional farmers: offtake contracts have already been concluded for the supply of 300 thousand tons of corn in 2025.Xinjiang Lihua Group Co., Ltd. is implementing a project to create a full cotton cluster in the Turkestan region worth $420 million. The initiative covers the entire cycle — from cotton cultivation to deep processing and the production of finished textile products. The project is focused on import substitution, export, and the development of the light industry. It also involves the creation of a large number of jobs in rural areas and the signing of contracts with local farmers. The project plans to build ten enterprises and create more than 4,000 jobs.In addition, the Investment Committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan signed an investment contract with Chinese company Qingdao Wanlin Food Corporation, which plans to build a dehydrated onion and vegetable deep processing plant. The investment volume will be $89 million. Production will be aimed at exports to China, the USA, and Europe. The company has already established cooperation with local farmers for raw material supply, and about 300 jobs are planned at the plant.Dalian Hesheng Holdings will invest $650 million in the construction of a deep grain processing complex in the Akmola region. The production will focus on the output of gluten, starches, and other high value-added products, and long-term contracts with domestic farmers are expected. The project will significantly impact the development of agro-processing, export potential, and food security.The Akimat of the Almaty region and TBEA Company Limited signed a memorandum of understanding on the implementation of a large-scale energy project, including the construction of a 1,000 MW solar power plant and a transformer plant. In the future, the investor also plans to build a 1,320 MW coal-fired thermal power plant to reliably supply heat to the city of Alatau. The total investment volume is $3.7 billion.In addition, agreements were signed with companies such as China Construction Engineering Corporation, Energy China Group, CITIC Construction, China CAMC Engineering, Huawei, Aladdin Holdings Group, YTO Express, and others.They cover a wide range of industries — from energy and agriculture to transport, ICT, and education — and provide for the creation of production facilities, logistics hubs, research centers, educational programs, and the introduction of high technologies.The parties also signed cooperation agreements in the fields of agricultural processing, renewable energy, urban infrastructure, and coal chemistry.These agreements reflect the high level of trust between Kazakhstan and China and strengthen Kazakhstan’s role as a regional hub for investment, logistics, and joint industrial development.Source: https://invest.gov.kzSource : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/invest/press/news/details/1019012?lang=kk
One of the main functions of the Ethics Commissioner is to hold explanatory meetings with a focus on the practice of applying the Code of Ethics and the main provisions of legislation in the field of public service and anti-corruption. 25.06.2025
In order to implement these measures, on 28.05.2025, representatives of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan arrived in the building of the State Duma of the Karaganda region on a working trip: Director of the Department of Strategy, Personnel Management and Mobilization Work K. K. ORUNKHANOV, Ethics Commissioner K. B. ARYSTANBEKOVA and Ethics Commissioner of the State Revenue Committee T. T. Akbaev Held a meeting with employees of the territorial departments of the state revenue committees. Treasury, state property and privatization, internal state audit.Also, on a working trip, the commissioners visited the State Revenue Department for the Bukhar-Zhyrau district.During the meeting, explanations were given on the standards of conduct of civil servants, including the prohibition of the use of administrative resources, the prevention of conflicts of interest, as well as compliance with anti-corruption restrictions, official discipline, business etiquette and rules of official conduct. In addition, explanations were given on issues of bonuses, financial assistance, establishment of allowances for official salaries and payment of bonuses to administrative civil servants.@qarjymin.kz@press_kyzmet_kgd@karaganda_mkdkazna_karaganda@buqar.zhyrau_mkb#KPRF # CGDMFRK#taxes#TAXES#customs#customs*************Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/kgd-karaganda/press/news/details/1019021?lang=kk
Support for small and medium—sized businesses is a strategic priority 25.06.2025
The Head of State emphasizes that sustainable economic development is impossible without strong small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs). "The higher the share of small and medium—sized businesses, the more developed the economy is," the President emphasizes. That is why Kazakhstan is taking systematic measures to create a favorable business environment.In developed countries, the share of SMEs in the gross domestic product reaches 40-60%.There is also a positive trend in the region. Over the past two years, the number of active entrepreneurs has increased by 7.8% and reached 66,000. The share of SMEs in the regional economy is 30%. Small and medium—sized businesses employ more than 163,000 people, which is 36% of the economically active population.The volume of products produced by SMEs in 2024 amounted to 2.4 trillion tenge with an increase of 9%. The largest contribution to the increase in production volumes was made by Kostanay, Beimbeta Mailina and Fedorovsky districts.Special attention,Attention should be paid to entrepreneurs who are ready to implement new ideas. "If a person shows interest in the implementation of a project, our task is to support and accompany him to a sustainable result," Kumar Aksakalov emphasized. It is important not only to advise, but also to help businesses at every stage — from receiving state support to working with banks and government agencies.Industrial zones, such as the Automotive Components Manufacturing Center and mini—zones based on former factories, remain key growth points. At the same time, the structure of state support is undergoing positive changes: if in 2021 44% of projects were related to trade, today this figure has decreased to 11%. The main focus is on the manufacturing industry, transportation services and the manufacturing sector.The Business-Komek program, implemented in 2023, has already shown good results, allowing, for example, to increase the number of livestock in the south of the country by 7,700 heads.Following the meeting, instructions were given to akimats and relevant structures: to strengthen analytical and awareness-raising work, involve social entrepreneurship, ensure equal access to support measures and monitor the effectiveness of their distribution."Entrepreneurial initiative is becoming the driving force of Kazakhstan's economic growth," the Head of State noted. That is why SMEs should become not just a supported sector, but the core of regional development and social stability.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/kostanay/press/news/details/1019038?lang=kk
Over 4,000 schoolchildren of East Kazakhstan to have a rest this summer at camps funded by the local budget 25.06.2025
Этим летом в Восточно-Казахстанской области планируется охватить 4 403 ребёнка различными формами летнего отдыха, финансируемыми из местного бюджета. Для качественной организации досуга и оздоровления детей в регионе продолжат работу 12 загородных лагерей, где бесплатно отдохнут 3 923 ребёнка. Значительную поддержку оказывает общественный фонд «Қазақстан халқына». Так, при содействии фонда 185 детей из сельских школ получили бесплатные путёвки в лагерь «Дарын». Это важный вклад в обеспечение равных возможностей для оздоровления и отдыха Большую популярность среди родителей сохраняют 270 пришкольных лагерей с дневным пребыванием. Они предлагают разнообразные программы с питанием и без, позволяя семьям выбрать наиболее удобный формат. Программы всех смен разработаны с учётом возрастных особенностей, интересов и потребностей детей. В них предусмотрены занятия в творческих студиях и кружках, мероприятия, направленные на личностное развитие, развитие инициативности, коммуникативных и лидерских качеств. Также продолжится реализация уникального проекта «Гостевая семья». В этом году 140 детей смогут погрузиться в казахскоязычную среду, изучая язык в бытовых условиях. Программа включает обучение казахскому языку, знакомство с традициями, культурой и историей региона, участие в мастер-классах по игре на народных инструментах, экскурсии по сакральным местам Восточного Казахстана. Впервые в регионе стартует проект «Сакральный Восток», направленный на развитие детско-юношеского туризма. 200 школьников отправятся в учебно-познавательные туры, в рамках которых посетят уникальные исторические и природные памятники: музей под открытым небом «Берельские курганы», урочище Киин-Кериш, наскальные рисунки и Государственные национальные природные парки. Особое внимание в летний период будет уделено обеспечению безопасности детей. Усилен контроль за соблюдением санитарных норм и правил противопожарной безопасности во всех местах детского отдыха. Летняя кампания 2025 года в Восточном Казахстане направлена на то, чтобы каждый ребёнок смог не только отдохнуть, но и получить новые знания, впечатления и раскрыть свои таланты.  Over 4,000 schoolchildren of East Kazakhstan to have a rest this summer at camps funded by the local budgetThis summer, 4,403 children across East Kazakhstan region will take part in various forms of summer recreation funded by the local budget. To ensure meaningful and well-organized leisure and wellness activities, 12 country camps will continue operating across the region, providing free stays for 3,923 children.Significant support is provided by the Public Foundation “Kazakhstan Khalkyna”. Thus, thanks to the Foundation’s efforts, 185 children from rural schools received free vouchers to attend the Daryn Camp. This is an important step toward ensuring equal access to recreational opportunities.  Moreover, 270 day camps based at schools remain highly popular among parents. These camps offer a range of programs with or without meals, allowing families to choose the most convenient option. The programs of all school-based camps are organized taking into account children’s age, interests and needs.They include creative activities, hobby clubs, and programs that promote personal development, initiative, communication and leadership skills. The implementation of the unique Host Family Project is also continuing this year, with 140 children set to immerse themselves in the Kazakh-speaking environment, learning the language through everyday interaction. The program includes the Kazakh language lessons, cultural and historical exploration, and hands-on master classes in traditional music and crafts, along with trips to sacred sites across East Kazakhstan.  A new regional initiative, “Sacred East,” is launching for the first time this year, aimed at developing youth tourism. 200 schoolchildren will go on educational excursions to key historical and natural monuments, such as the Berel Burial Mounds - open-air museum, Kiyn-Kerish canyon, petroglyphic drawing sites, and National Nature Parks.During the summer period, special attention will be paid to ensuring the safety of all participants. Authorities are tightening control over hygiene standards and fire safety protocols at all child recreation facilities.The 2025 summer campaign in East Kazakhstan is designed not only to provide children with a well-deserved rest, but also to equip them with new knowledge, unforgettable memories, and a platform to explore and grow their talents.   Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/vko-bilim/press/news/details/1018802?lang=kk
Summer health-improving camp of Umit Center of Education Administration of East Kazakhstan region kicks off 25.06.2025
A summer health-improving camp for pupils of Umit Child Support Center of Education Administration of East Kazakhstan region has officially opened.The goal of the camp is to organize meaningful and fruitful rest, support children’s health, unlock their creative potential and create a positive emotional atmosphere.As part of the opening ceremony, the children conducted a tour of the camp for the guests, performed songs, dances and demonstrated their talents.The event was a bright start to the summer season, leaving everyone with a wave of positive emotions.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/vko-bilim/press/news/details/1018804?lang=kk
Fitch has assigned NITEC an investment grade credit rating of «BBB» 25.06.2025
Fitch Ratings has assigned National Information Technologies Joint-Stock Company (NITEC) Long-Term Foreign- and Local-Currency Issuer Default Ratings (IDRs) of «BBB» with stable outlooks. This decision was an important recognition of the Company's sustainability in the international arena and its strategic importance for Kazakhstan.According to Fitch, the ratings reflect NITEC's significant role in the national digital infrastructure and its institutional relationship with the public sector. The Company acts as a technological partner of the state, ensuring the smooth operation of key information systems.The assigned rating corresponds to the Republic of Kazakhstan's sovereign rating, which highlights the high level of trust placed in the Company by one of the world's leading agencies.Not only is assigning a BBB investment grade rating with a stable outlook an indicator of a company's financial reliability, it is also a strong signal to the international investment community. This confirms that NITEC operates within a stable macroeconomic and managerial environment and demonstrates a responsible approach to debt management and the efficient use of resources. This event opens up new opportunities for the company, including increased transparency for partners and greater trust from financial institutions, as well as the potential to access international capital markets. Additionally, the Fitch rating reflects NITEC's advanced level of corporate governance and institutional development. Since its inception, NITEC has consistently developed the architecture of the digital state, supporting and enhancing key government IT services to ensure the technological reliability, scalability and sustainability of the country's digital platform.Further details about the rating can be found on the official website of the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange and in the Fitch article. Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai/press/news/details/1018811?lang=kk
Get public services from the comfort of your home or office: how the personal manager service works 25.06.2025
Get public services from the comfort of your home or office: how the personal manager service worksThe State Corporation continues to develop formats for the provision of public services, taking into account the needs of citizens. One of these convenient options is the Personal Manager service, which allows you to receive the service at a convenient time and in any convenient place. It is enough to leave a request, and a specialist will come to you so that you can resolve the necessary issues without interrupting work or personal affairs.This service is especially convenient for parents with young children, employees with irregular schedules, entrepreneurs, and people with temporary health restrictions. That is, for everyone who, for one reason or another, it is not possible to visit the Public Service Center. The service has been operating since 2024 and allows you to receive most government services at home, in an office or other convenient location. The exceptions are services for obtaining an identity card, passport, driver's license and car registration. Check-out is carried out upon request and at the agreed time.The cost of the service is 7,190 tenge, including organizational and logistical costs. In order to use the service, you need to go to the "Personal Manager" section on the official website of the State Corporation, then click on the "Submit a request" button and fill in the necessary information. Next, the staff of the Government for Citizens will contact the service recipient to clarify the details and determine the time of departure. In addition, you can apply through the Unified Contact Center 1414, where the operators conduct a detailed consultation, after which an SMS is sent to the applicant with an individual link to apply for a personal manager. By the way, in each Public Service Center you can also use the service of a personal manager. When contacting the reception desk, you will be provided with a priority service coupon. After that, a contract is concluded, the cost of which is 5,500 tenge.The option applies to all types of government services, except for passport and identity card registration. It should be noted that the State Corporation continues to introduce services that take into account the needs of customers and simplify interaction with the government.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/vko-samar/press/news/details/1026504?lang=kk
Opening of Malaysian Business Support Office in Almaty Marks New Milestone in Bilateral Cooperation 25.06.2025
Kuala Lumpur, June 16, 2025 - Kazakh Ambassador to Malaysia, H.E. Bulat Sugurbayev held a meeting with the management of the Malaysian Chamber of Commerce (Dewan Perniagaan Melayu Malaysia, DPMM) to discuss prospects for enhancing bilateral trade, economic, and investment cooperation.During the meeting, DPMM President Norshahrin bin Hamidon announced the Chamber’s decision to open its first international office in Almaty. Set to begin operations this year, the new office will serve as a vital platform to support Malaysian companies seeking to enter the markets of Kazakhstan, Central Asia, and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). He highlighted Kazakhstan’s appeal as a strategic business hub for the Malaysian business community within the broader Eurasian region.Ambassador Sugurbayev emphasized Kazakhstan’s commitment to strengthening economic ties with Malaysia, which is viewed as a key strategic partner in Southeast Asia. He noted that creating a conducive environment for foreign investors is a central pillar of the "New Kazakhstan" development strategy.The Ambassador expressed confidence that the establishment of DPMM’s office in Almaty will be a significant step forward in advancing cooperation between the business communities of both countries. It is expected to boost trade, deepen economic engagement, and promote joint investment initiatives.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-kuala-lumpur/press/news/details/1018853?lang=kk
🔸On June 12 of this year, a personal reception of citizens was held in the building of the Akimat of the Mendykarinsky District 25.06.2025
     Посмотреть эту публикацию в Instagram           Публикация от Ғабит Мәжитұлы Бекбаев (@bekbaev_gabit) Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/kostanai-mendykarin-audany-akimat/press/news/details/1018764?lang=kk
Public reception held by Education Administration of East Kazakhstan region in Kurchum district as part of the Anti-Corruption Mobile Group Project 25.06.2025
On June 17, 2025, Education Administration of East Kazakhstan region, jointly with representatives of law enforcement agencies and other regional administrations, held a joint reception of citizens on personal issues. This initiative took place in the Culture Centre of Kurchum settlement of Kurchum district of East Kazakhstan region, in line with the instructions of the Anti-Corruption Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as part of the Anti-Corruption Mobile Group Project.The goal of this campaign is to raise public legal awareness and provide legal consultations to local residents on personal matters.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/vko-bilim/press/news/details/1018795?lang=kk
Medium repair work has begun on this section of the road. 25.06.2025
In accordance with the instructions of the Akim of the East Kazakhstan region, in order to develop tourism and improve the quality of life of the population, medium-term repair work has begun on the section of the road from the village of Samar to the village of Mirolyubovka.As part of this project, which is important for the convenience of the residents of the area, the Odessa ferry, which has not been operating for many years, has been re-launched. In addition, special attention is paid to the quality of the road surface. According to the plan, a 21-kilometer-long highway will have to be repaired within two years. Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/vko-samar/press/news/details/1018545?lang=kk
About issuance of a license to «Amaranth Capital» JSC 25.06.2025
In accordance with the order of the Deputy Chairman of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for regulation and development of financial market dated June 10, 2025 №Б-159 «Amaranth Capital» JSC was issued a license dated June 10, 2025 №3.2.258 to perform activities on the securities marketSource : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/ardfm/press/news/details/1018578?lang=kk
"Zhasyl El" Ecological Campaign 25.06.2025
Clean-up at Abai Square🔹 "Zhasyl El" youth fighters cleaned Abai Square and improved the surrounding area.🔹 The campaign's goal is to protect the environment and promote ecological awareness among the public.🔹 The young generation encourages everyone to care for nature and keep the environment clean.Clean nature — the key to a bright future!Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/vko-samar-samar/press/news/details/1018609?lang=kk
Based on the recommendations of the working group for the development of effective measures for the capture and maintenance of stray animals. 25.06.2025
Following the recommendations of the working group to develop effective measures for trapping and keeping stray animals, deputies of the city Maslikhat, together with specialists from the branch of the Central Technical University, the Veterinary Service, the Police Department and the Dosym Foundation, conducted a yard search in the private sector.Exchange, in order to clarify the issue of keeping pets, namely, the need for animal chipping.According to the results of the inspection, 7 dogs were chipped by the foundation's staff, with the consent of pet owners. Work in this direction will continue.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/ukmaslihat/press/news/details/1018617?lang=kk
Corruption is a threat to national security 25.06.2025
The problem of corruption in Kazakhstan is under constant control in all spheres of activity. Corruption poses a great public danger to the country, and thus undermines the authority of the civil service, discredits its activities, and poses a threat to national security.As we know, in recent years, much attention has been paid to combating corruption in Kazakhstan at the highest level of public administration. Therefore, identifying the causes of corruption is the main task of the timely policy of our state.The main thing in the fight against corruption should be its prevention, rather than the application of criminal law measures, which, as a rule, produce ineffective and very short-term results.Preventing corruption is the most effective way to combat it, primarily because it ensures that its roots are identified and eliminated. Prevention also makes it possible to solve the problems of combating corruption in the most effective ways, at the lowest cost to society and without using such a form of state coercion as criminal punishment.As we can see, corruption today creates the main obstacle in the development of society. In the common understanding, corruption is associated primarily with the civil service.Civil servants must resist manifestations of corruption, prevent corruption offenses or acts involving corruption or creating conditions for corruption.Unfortunately, corruption, as a social phenomenon, continues to exist at the present time in the areas of tax relations. First of all, it has a negative impact on the image of state revenue authorities, undermines the trust of taxpayers, and also harms economic and national security. I believe that reducing the level of corruption in the state revenue authorities is one of the priorities and the duty of every employee of the state revenue.As in a number of ministries and departments, the fight against corruption in the State revenue authorities is systematic and comprehensive. It is based on the implementation of the State Anti-Corruption Program and the main tasks set by the Head of State. In addition, the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan has developed an anti-corruption strategy in the State Revenue Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan in order to implement a nationwide anti-corruption program. The main objective of the strategy is to improve the anti-corruption system in the state revenue authorities.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/kgd-kostanay/press/news/details/1065224?lang=kk
Bәyge: Scan checks, win 100,000 tenge! 25.06.2025
The State Revenue Committee of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan launches the campaign “Bәyge” from May 1 to December 31, 2025. Register fiscal checks in the “Amian” application and win 100 000 tenge!The prize of 100,000 tenge will be awarded to one of the 50 best users of the region, who will be randomly determined on Amian's Instagram page. This approach gives equal chances to each participant and ensures fairness.  Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/kgd-zhetysu/press/news/details/1018623?lang=kk
Deputies of the city maslikhat held an off-site meeting to monitor the work on the facades. 25.06.2025
Deputies of the city maslikhat held an off-site meeting to monitor the work on facades on 14 apartment buildings along N. Nazarbayev Ave. Based on the results of the visit, recommendations were given to the responsible government agencies to conduct explanatory work among the owners of commercial facilities to restore the entrances of commercial facilities to their proper appearance, as well as to the management bodies of condominium facilities about the need to repair roofs to prevent leakage and damage to the facade after the repairs.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/ukmaslihat/press/news/details/1018662?lang=kk
A sports contest among employees of state revenue agencies was held in the city of Karaganda 25.06.2025
The competition is organized on the initiative of the State Revenue Committee of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan (CGD) and is dedicated to the Day of the Civil Servant. The teams of the SRC, Departments of State Revenue in Astana, Karaganda, Pavlodar and Ulytau regions took part in cluster competitions in volleyball, mini-football, chess and esports. All the teams showed a good game, and from the very beginning of the competition, a stubborn struggle for reaching the finals unfolded. Our team took 2nd place in football and chess competitions and will continue playing in the next round. The volleyball players of the DGD took the honorable third place. – I would like to note the high level of responsibility of our employees who took part in the competition. Their activity and team spirit are worthy of respect. I am sure that such initiatives contribute to strengthening team ties and forming a positive corporate culture," said team curator, Deputy Head of the State Revenue Department Rysbek Minaimbekov. Congratulations to the athletes on their victory and wish them further success in the final games! Department of Explanatory Work and Contact Center State Duma of the Pavlodar regionSource : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/kgd-pavlodar/press/news/details/1018672?lang=kk
Salyq cashback 25.06.2025
      On the expansion of the pilot project "Salyq cashback" for the payment of rewards on fiscal receipts of cash registersThe State Revenue Committee informs about the expansion of the pilot project "Salyq cashback", which started on March 15, 2025, aimed at stimulating the receipt of fiscal checks from micro and small businesses through the payment of remuneration.Since June 15, 2025, the project has been joined: - the city of Taraz(Zhambyl region) - Zhambyl district(Zhambyl region) - Moyinkum district(Zhambyl region) - T. Ryskulovsky district(Zhambyl region) - Merken district(Zhambyl region) - Shusky district(Zhambyl region) - Kordai district(Zhambyl region) - Sarysu district(Zhambyl region) - Bayzak district(Zhambyl region) - Zhualin district(Zhambyl region) - Talas district (Zhambyl region)We remind you that the Salyq Cashback project was launched in stages this year from March 15, 2025, April 15, 2025, May 15, 2025 and June 1, 2025. Anyone can take part in the Salyq Cashback project. To do this, it is necessary: 1. Receive a fiscal receipt when paying for goods or services; 2. Scan the barcode from the receipt in the special mobile application "Amian" and receive cashback in the amount of 2% of the purchase amount. The funds received can be transferred to a bank card or credited to a mobile phone balance. Rewards are accrued by the operator of IT Analytics LLP through the Amian mobile application, which is available for free download in the App Store and Google Play. The Department of State Revenue for Zhambyl region urges citizens to demand receipts from cash registers to protect their consumer rights.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/kgd-zhambyl/press/news/details/1018688?lang=kk
Joint naval exercises "Caspian Breeze - 2025" started in Aktau 25.06.2025
Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mod/press/news/details/1018690?lang=kk