Enbekshi QazaQ

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About the meeting at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 14.10.2025
Amman, September 24, 2025 – The Ambassador of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, H.E. Mr. Talgat Shaldanbay, held a meeting with Director of the Department of Operations and Consular Services of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriate Affairs of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, H.E. Feras Al-Houri.During the meeting, the parties exchanged views on topical issues of consular cooperation and discussed ways to further strengthen bilateral cooperation in this area. Particular attention was given to issues related to the protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan residing in Jordan, as well as coordination of actions in emergency and extraordinary situations.The Ambassador H.E. Mr. Talgat Shaldanbay noted that the importance of developing effective mechanisms for interaction between the consular structures of the two countries and expressed his gratitude to the Jordanian side for its assistance in resolving consular issues.For his part, F.Al-Khouri confirmed his readiness to further expand cooperation with the Kazakh side and expressed his high appreciation for the current level of bilateral relations.At the conclusion of the meeting, both sides confirmed their readiness to maintain regular working contacts and implement joint initiatives aimed at improving efficiency in the consular sphere.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-amman/press/news/details/1074420?lang=kk
The head of the region congratulated healthcare veteran Bisenkul Karibayeva on her 70th birthday 14.10.2025
Regional Akim Nurlybek Nalibayev congratulated healthcare veteran Bisenkul Utegenovna Karibayeva on her 70th birthday. The meeting was attended by intellectuals, veterans, and healthcare workers.The regional governor noted that honoring elders who have faithfully fulfilled their civic duty to their native land is a sacred duty and conveyed his congratulations to the celebrant.«Our region has many respected elders who have made a special contribution to the development of medicine and maintaining public health. Among the doctors who follow in their footsteps and continue their glorious service to the people, we must especially recognize Bisenkul Utegenovna, who turns 70 today.She was born in 1955 in Kyzylorda and received her education in the Faculty of General Medicine at the Almaty State Medical Institute.She began her career in 1979 as a doctor at Kyzylorda City Polyclinic No. 2, where she held the positions of deputy chief physician and chief physician. As chief physician of City Polyclinic No. 5 and the AIDS Center, she earned national recognition as a qualified specialist and organizer.After retiring, she continued her work at the medical center, training young specialists in the intricacies of the profession.Bisenkul Utegenovna's work was recognized, and she was awarded the «Densaulyk saqtau іsіnіn uzdіgі» badge and the «Eren enbegі ushіn» medal.«On behalf of the residents of our region, we sincerely congratulate you on your anniversary!» - said N. Nalibayev.At the meeting, the regional akim presented the anniversary's celebrant with the Kyzylorda Region Certificate of Honor. The Chairman of the Regional Council of Veterans, Serik Duisenbaev, Honorary Citizen of the Kyzylorda Region, Abdulla Shulenbaev, and Honored Healthcare Worker, Karakoz Balabayeva, delivered welcoming remarks and best wishes.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/kyzylorda/press/news/details/1074217?lang=kk
On September 19, M. Thomas, the head of the department, held a meeting with the director of the individual entrepreneur and recommended that he pay attention to the use of licensed software. Internet piracy is one form of intellectual property rights violation. 14.10.2025
This is the illegal copying and distribution of copyrighted materials such as music, films, software, books.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/adilet-sko/press/news/details/1074033?lang=kk
Serik Zhumangarin: focus on microeconomics of enterprises will allow maintaining high growth rates 14.10.2025
The meeting of the Economic Growth Headquarters, chaired by Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of National Economy Serik Zhumangarin, reviewed the preliminary results of economic growth in key sectors over the past nine months.Agricultural industryAccording to the results of 8 months of 2025, gross output increased by 3.4% and amounted to about 3.6 trillion tenge. The forecast for 9 months is an increase of 2.3%.The growth was provided by animal husbandry (+3.2%, 2.26 trillion tenge) and crop production (+4%, 1.25 trillion tenge). The next round of growth is expected in October due to the gross harvest of cereals, oilseeds and other crops.Processing and food industryFood production in 8 months increased by 10.1% (up to 2.5 trillion tenge), beverages – by 7.1% (813 billion tenge).The growth was achieved by increasing sugar production (by 24%, to 122.8 thousand tons), canned meat (by 29.7%, to 5.8 thousand tons), vegetable oil (by 27%, to 595 thousand tons), sausage products (by 8.8%, to 51.2 thousand tons), butter (by 15%, to 25.2 thousand tons).Food production is expected to grow by 10.9% and beverages by 7% in the first 9 months.Mining industryIn January-August, 67.4 million tons of oil were produced (+13.4% compared to the same period in 2024). A significant increase in oil production was noted in Tengiz (+26.83 million tons, or +42% by 2024). Karachaganak produced 8.38 million tons (+4.6%) during this time. Production at Kashagan decreased by 1.9% to 12.16 million tons. The decrease in production is due to repair work. Forecast for 9 months: oil production - 75.6 million tons (+13%), gas – 51.6 billion m3 (+17%). The 2025 gas plan is 62.8 billion m3 (+6.4%).Oil refining in eight months amounted to 12.2 million tons (+5.6%), and 14 million tons (+5.9%) are expected by the end of September. Production of petroleum products for eight months – 10.2 million tons (+8.7%), for the year – 13.7 million tons.Petrochemical industry: 418.9 thousand tons (+5%), forecast for the year – 590 thousand tons (+9.3%).TradingIn 8 months, trade increased by 8.9% and amounted to 44.9 trillion tenge. In monetary terms, this is 14% more than a year earlier. The main contribution was made by Almaty (15.5 trillion tenge), Astana (6.6 trillion), Atyrau (4.8 trillion), Karaganda (2.8 trillion) regions and Shymkent (2.2 trillion).The growth was mainly due to wholesale trade (+3.5 trillion tenge, 109.8% compared to last year). The share of non-food products in its structure increased from 80% to 82% (oil and petroleum products, pharmaceutical products, metallurgy, machinery, automobiles). The share of food products was 18% (grain, oils and fats, food, beverages).In retail trade, the structure remained unchanged: 68% accounted for non–food products (+1.4 trillion), 32% for food products (+0.6 trillion).Transport and logisticsThe transport industry as a litmus test reflects the state of the economy and shows growth in most indicators. In January-August, the volume of services rendered in the field of transport and warehousing increased by 21.5%, with a 9–month forecast of 21.6%.The growth is driven by increased freight traffic in the mining, metallurgical, oil and gas, agricultural, construction and trade sectors.Passenger transportation for 9 months is expected to reach +7.8% (1.36 billion people).Among the shippers, growth was shown by: ERG (+3%), Bogatyr Komir (+2%), Refineries (+3%), Qarmet (+11%), Kaz Minerals (+1%).Manufacturing industryThe growth in January-August was 6.1%. Positive dynamics continues in metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical, light industry, production of building materials, rubber and plastic products, furniture.ConstructionIn January-August, works worth 4.8 trillion tenge (IFO 118.1%) were completed. The forecast for 9 months is an increase of 17.7%.Following the meeting of the headquarters, Serik Zhumangarin stressed that the key task of all industries in the near future is to actively engage in microeconomics, that is, to solve the problems of each enterprise in the industry in order to prevent a decrease in growth rates.https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/economy/press/news/details/1073683?lang=ruSource : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/kostanai-ekonomika-zhosparlau/press/news/details/1074043?lang=kk
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev Met with President of Montenegro Jakov Milatović on the Sidelines of the UN General Assembly 14.10.2025
New York, September 23, 2025. On the margins of the 80th session of the UN General Assembly, the President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with President of Montenegro Jakov Milatović.Kassym-Jomart Tokayev emphasized that Kazakhstan regards Montenegro as an important partner in the Balkan region.Next year, the two countries will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations. Over these years, constructive ties have been built on friendship and mutual understanding.In turn, Jakov Milatović thanked the President of Kazakhstan for his significant contribution to the development of bilateral relations. He noted that Montenegro is becoming one of the attractive destinations for Kazakh tourists.The launch of direct flights between Almaty and Podgorica, as well as the introduction of a visa-free regime for citizens of Kazakhstan, has contributed to bringing the two nations closer together.@akorda.kzSource : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-podgorica/press/news/details/1074052?lang=kk
«Жетісу аруы - 2025» Regional Contest 14.10.2025
Venue: Ilyas Zhansugurov Palace of Culture Date: 25 September, 2025, At 15:00Contact phone numbers:8 (7282) 24-34-07Email address: 7su.ocnt@mail.ruADMISSION IS FREESource : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/zhetysu-archive/press/news/details/1074066?lang=kk
Seminar for taxpayers of Sarkan district: innovations in the Tax Code 14.10.2025
Employees of the Department of State Revenue in the Zhetisu region held an on-site seminar for entrepreneurs and residents of the Sarkan district, which discussed the key changes in the Tax Code, which will come into force in 2026.The participants of the event - individual entrepreneurs, heads of farms, accountants - were able to learn about the upcoming innovations in tax legislation, as well as to ask their questions.The meeting covered the following issues: reduction of tax reporting forms, changes in special tax regimes, VAT reform, universal declaration, digitalization of tax administration.Thanks to an open dialog, taxpayers received practical recommendations on how to prepare for the changes and discussed topical issues.The next field seminar within the framework of the information campaign will be held on September 25 in Alakolsky district.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/kgd-zhetysu/press/news/details/1074067?lang=kk
The Mazhilis of Parliament accepted draft laws for consideration in implementation of the Constitutional Court's Address 14.10.2025
Теlegram CС - https://t.me/consot_kz At its plenary session, the Mazhilis of Parliament adopted a number of bills initiated by deputies as part of the implementation of the Constitutional Court's Address on the state of constitutional legality in the country for 2024.In its Address, the Constitutional Court noted the need to specify the grounds for reviewing judicial acts in the event of the adoption of a normative resolution recognizing a law or other legal act, or individual provisions thereof, as consistent with the Constitution as interpreted by the Constitutional Court.Paragraph 4 of Article 63 of the Constitutional Law “On the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan” stipulates that if the Constitutional Court adopts such a decision, no other interpretation shall be allowed in its application, and its consequences shall be the same as those of a decision on unconstitutionality.The draft laws provide for amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code, Civil Procedure Code, Administrative Procedure Code, and Code of Administrative Offenses to include this type of normative ruling by the Constitutional Court in the list of grounds for reopening proceedings based on newly discovered circumstances.The adoption of the draft laws will contribute to strengthening the rule of law, the effectiveness of constitutional control, the improvement of legislation, and the protection of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens.For reference: Members of the Mazhilis of Parliament adopted draft laws “On Amendments and Additions to Certain Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Enforcement of Decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan,” “On amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan,” and “On amendments and additions to the Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan on administrative offenses.”Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/ksrk/press/news/details/1074074?lang=kk
Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Mongolia Almas Seitakynov held talks with Mayor of Kharkhorum B.Bat-Erdene 14.10.2025
Ulaanbaatar, September 22, 2025 – Within the framework of his working trip to Kharkhorum, Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Mongolia Almas Seitakynov met with the head of the city administration, Mr. B.Bat-Erdene.During the talks, the parties discussed prospects for cooperation in agriculture, tourism, culture, as well as in other areas of mutual interest.The Ambassador underlined Kazakhstan’s readiness to share its experience in such areas as capital relocation, management and development of smart cities, and the introduction of digitalization and IT technologies to enhance municipal governance and create comfortable living conditions for citizens.For his part, Mr. B.Bat-Erdene expressed interest in establishing direct ties with Kazakhstani cities, as well as in launching joint projects in the fields of energy and infrastructure.Following the meeting, the parties agreed to maintain regular contacts and to further strengthen bilateral cooperation.* It is noteworthy that in 2022, President of Mongolia U.Khurelsukh issued a decree on the restoration of Kharkhorum. In June 2025 construction of the city officially commenced.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-ulaanbaatar/press/news/details/1074081?lang=kk
The Constitutional Court held a seminar on creating a safe and respectful working environment 14.10.2025
Теlegram CС - https://t.me/consot_kz A seminar on preventing harassment was held for employees of the Constitutional Court Administration by the Ethics Commissioner, with the participation of Gaukhar Nursha, Advisor on Gender Issues for the United Nations Development Programme.The event aimed to promote a culture of zero tolerance for all forms of harassment, including gender discrimination and sexual harassment in the civil service.During the discussion, participants considered mechanisms for preventing harassment, ways to strengthen an atmosphere of respect and cooperation, and practical steps for creating a comfortable and safe working environment.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/ksrk/press/news/details/1074098?lang=kk
Kazakhstan and Slovakia Strengthen Dialogue within the Framework of Parliamentary Diplomacy 14.10.2025
Bratislava, September 24, 2025 – The Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Slovakia, Zhanna Saginova, held a meeting with Member of the National Council of the Slovak Republic, Pavol Goga.During the conversation, the parties discussed a wide range of issues related to bilateral cooperation between Kazakhstan and Slovakia, with special attention given to strengthening interparliamentary relations. It was noted that active dialogue between the legislative bodies of both countries contributes to the development of political and economic cooperation.The multilateral dimension of cooperation was also addressed, including activities within the framework of the Council of Europe and PACE. The interlocutors emphasized the importance of parliamentary diplomacy in promoting shared values such as democracy, the rule of law, and the protection of human rights.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-bratislava/press/news/details/1074103?lang=kk
Kazakhstan and Pakistan are Developing Cooperation in the Field of Education 14.10.2025
Islamabad, September 22, 2025 – Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Pakistan, H.E. Mr. Y.Kistafin, held a meeting with the Minister of State for the Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training of Pakistan, H.E. Ms. Wajiha Qamar.During the meeting, the parties discussed prospects for developing cooperation in the field of education, in particular in higher and secondary education. Specific directions for implementing mutually beneficial initiatives were proposed.At the end of the negotiations, the parties agreed to organize a visit of a Pakistani delegation to Astana this year.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-islamabad/press/news/details/1074108?lang=kk
On October 1, the deadline for paying the personal property tax for 2024 expires. 14.10.2025
On October 1, the deadline for paying the personal property tax for 2024 expires.Property tax payers are citizens who own residential real estate by right of ownership (parking spaces, storerooms, apartments, houses, cottages, garages, and adjacent land plots), with the exception of the privileged category of citizens in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 526 of the Tax Code.Payment of tax for the 2024 tax period by individuals is made to the budget at the location of the facilities no later than 01.10.2025. Taxpayers can find out the amount of unpaid tax through the website of the State Revenue Committee of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan (http://www.kgd.gov.kz //), in the section "Electronic services"/ "Upcoming payments for individuals"/"Information on the absence (presence) of arrears and upcoming payments, which are recorded in the state revenue authorities" according to the citizen's IIN. In addition, in order to inform taxpayers on the e-Government portal (eGov.kz ) and Kaspi Bank JSC (Кaspi.kz A service for upcoming payments has also been implemented to provide individuals with the opportunity to view the amount of tax before the due date, with the possibility of simultaneous payment using ready-made banking details.Meanwhile, we inform you that in case of late payment of the tax, a penalty is charged for each day of late payment.If you have any questions, please contact the territorial state revenue authorities, the contact numbers of employees are posted on the website of the Department of State Revenue.Taxpayers of Kostanay can receive information by phone numbers 28-18-32, 28-17-01, 28-40-27, 28-00-89.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/kgd-kostanay/press/news/details/1074170?lang=kk
The Pakistani Business Community Intends to Expand Cooperation with Kazakhstan 14.10.2025
Islamabad, September 24, 2025 – Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Pakistan H.E. Mr. Yerzhan Kistafin met with representatives of the business community of Pakistan, led by the Vice President of the Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry, Mr. Tariq Jadoon.During the meeting, the Ambassador H.E. Mr. Yerzhan Kistafin spoke about the opportunities for doing business in Kazakhstan, including government support measures aimed at promoting investment and export activities.In addition, H.E. Mr. Yerzhan Kistafin informed about the planned events aimed at strengthening trade and economic cooperation between the two countries, particularly at the regional level.For his part, Mr. Tariq Jadoon confirmed the interest of the Pakistani business community in developing cooperation with Kazakhstan and expressed his intention to participate in bilateral events.Following the meeting, an agreement was reached to organize a business delegation’s visit to Kazakhstan.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-islamabad/press/news/details/1074186?lang=kk
Indicators of intraregional analysis on the dynamics of socio-economic development of cities of regional significance and districts 14.10.2025
Indicators of intraregional analysis on the dynamics of socio-economic development of cities of regional significance and districts of the East Kazakhstan region for the 2nd quarter of 2025As part of the quarterly intra-regional analysis on the dynamics of socio-economic development of cities of regional significance and districts, the activities of regional mayors are assessed by 21 indicators.According to the results of the 2nd quarter of 2025, out of 13 cities and districts:- with high dynamics of development (1-4 places): Katon-Karagaysky, Tarbagataysky, Zaisansky and Ulansky districts;- with average development dynamics (5-9 places): Ust-Kamenogorsk, Samar, Shemonaikhinsky, Markakol and Glubokovsky districts;- with low dynamics of development (10-13 places): Ridder city, Altai, Ulken Naryn and Kurchum districts.Altai district – 10th place. Low values of indicators for IFO of industrial production, manufacturing industry products, investments in fixed assets, private investment, construction work, growth rates of housing commissioning, the number of people provided with safe drinking water, the volume of tax and non-tax revenues to the state budget, the proportion of the population positively assessing the activities of city/district akims.Ulken Naryn district – 11th place. Low values of indicators for the growth rates of operating small and medium-sized businesses, the volume of tax and non-tax revenues to the state budget, own budget revenues in the contingent of budgets of cities and districts, the effectiveness of the work of city/district akims in social networks.Ridder City – 12th place. Low values of indicators for IFO of industrial production, manufacturing industry products, investments in fixed assets, private investment, retail turnover, growth rates of housing commissioning, coverage of children with preschool education and training aged 2-6 years, employment of 10 thousand unemployed persons for vacant vacancies, changes in the crime rate per 10 thousand population, the proportion of the population is positive evaluating the activities of city/district akims.Kurchum district – 13th place. Low values of indicators for IFO investments in fixed assets, construction work, growth rates of operating small and medium-sized businesses, the volume of own budget revenues in the contingent of budgets of cities and districts, the coverage of children with preschool education and training aged 2-6 years, the incidence of tuberculosis per 100 thousand. reduction of the proportion of neglected cases (stage III – IV) of oncological diseases, the proportion of the population positively assessing the activities of city/district mayors, the effectiveness of the work of city/district mayors in social networks and the implementation of KPIs by city/district mayors.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/vko-ekonomika/press/news/details/1074205?lang=kk
76th anniversary of the founding of China celebrated in Almaty 14.10.2025
On September 23, 2025, Ambassador-at-Large – Head of the Representative Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Almaty, Zhanibek Abdrashov, participated and delivered a welcoming speech at the official reception of the Consulate General of China on the occasion of the celebration of the 76th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. In his speech, Zh. Abdrashov noted the high level of Kazakh-Chinese relations, highlighting active political dialogue, strengthening of cultural and humanitarian cooperation, as well as the importance of trade, economic, and investment ties. In conclusion, the diplomat expressed confidence in the further deepening of friendly and mutually beneficial cooperation between Kazakhstan and China. Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-almaty/press/news/details/1073824?lang=kk
Alatau – on the way to the "smart city" 14.10.2025
Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/almobl/press/news/details/1073832?lang=kk
The First International Forum of Public Prosecutors Launched in Turkestan 14.10.2025
Today, the city of Turkestan hosted the opening of the First International Forum of Public Prosecutors, attended by representatives of the prosecution services of Kazakhstan, Hungary, and five Turkic countries — Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Türkiye, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.The Prosecutor General of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Berik Assylov, officially opened the forum, emphasizing the importance of this event for the development of the national justice system and strengthening international cooperation. He noted that the forum provides a unique opportunity to exchange experience and build closer ties between public prosecutors from different countries in order to improve the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies.Welcome addresses were also delivered to the participants by Assistant to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, E.N. Zhiyenbayev, and Chairman of the Supreme Court, A.A. Mergaliev, who highlighted the relevance and significance of the event.During the forum, experienced public prosecutors from Kazakhstan will share their practices and initiatives aimed at ensuring the principle of zero tolerance for offenses, the inevitability of punishment, law and order, and the fight against crime — the core pillars of the “Law and Order” ideology. This is an important step in strengthening the legal system and developing effective mechanisms and models for public prosecution.“The development of the institution of public prosecution is impossible without taking into account global trends and processes. International experience, best practices, and modern models of work enable us to significantly improve national approaches and enhance their effectiveness,” stressed the Prosecutor General.Over the course of two days, forum participants will exchange ideas and practical solutions in the field of human rights protection. The program also includes discussions on digitalization and the use of new technologies in the legal sphere, training sessions, as well as interactive polls and quizzes. Press Service of the Prosecutor General’s OfficeSource : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/prokuror/press/news/details/1073970?lang=kk
At the Embassy of Kazakhstan in Estonia, a round table was held dedicated to the discussion on Address of the President Mr.Kassym-Jomart Tokayev to Nation 14.10.2025
Tallinn, September 23, 2025 – At the Embassy of Kazakhstan in Estonia, a round table was held dedicated to the discussion on Address of the President                     Mr.Kassym-Jomart Tokayev to Nation. The event was attended by representatives of government agencies, socio-political, scientific, educational, business and expert circles of Estonia. Kazakh Ambassador to Estonia Mr.Altay Kulginov noted that in the current State, the President emphasized the need to develop the IT sector and introduce appropriate solutions for the implementation of artificial intelligence in various fields of activity. Considering that the Estonian side occupies a leading position in Europe in this matter, Ambassador proposed mutually beneficial cooperation in this direction. The participants noted the importance of the Address in terms of institutional reforms, such as the transition to a unicameral Parliament, the creation of a separate ministry for artificial intelligence and digital development, economic diversification, the construction of nuclear power plants, the development of transport and logistics infrastructure and support for the social sphere. Mr.Altay Kulginov drew attention to the fact that the implementation of the tasks set out in the Message will open up wide opportunities for foreign investors. He called on Estonian entrepreneurs to step up bilateral cooperation by implementing joint projects in our country. This will make it possible to fully and effectively exploit the potential of cooperation in priority sectors for both countries, primarily in attracting investments, transport and logistics, as well as digitalization. According to experts, the timely implementation of the initiatives and reforms outlined in the State will give a new impetus to the sustainable and dynamic development of Kazakhstan and strengthen its international authority, emphasizing the systemic and integrated nature of the Address.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-tallin/press/news/details/1073978?lang=kk
The best sergeant of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan has been determined 14.10.2025
Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mod/press/news/details/1073982?lang=kk