World
Construction of a hippodrome and antenna mast structures will begin in the Ulken Naryn region. 06.11.2025
A number of infrastructure projects aimed at developing social and engineering services are planned for the Ulken Naryn district. This was announced by the district's akim, Yeldos Bayrakhmetov, at a briefing at the RSK VKO.Local budget funds are being used to develop design and estimate documentation for the construction of a hippodrome in the village of Ulken Naryn, as well as antenna masts in the villages of Ulken Naryn and Zhuldyz to accommodate cellular communications equipment. Additionally, a major overhaul of Abylaikhan Street in Ulken Naryn is planned.It's worth noting that the district is experiencing steady growth in tourist traffic: 15,050 people visited it in 2025, a 165% increase over the previous year. To develop tourism infrastructure, a modern road service pavilion was opened in partnership with KazAvtoZhol.The village of Svinchatka plans to build a recreation center, which will create new jobs and enhance the area's investment appeal. Projects like these will promote roadside tourism and support small businesses.Providing the population with high-quality drinking water remains a priority. As part of the "Reconstruction of Water Supply Facilities and Networks in the Village of Ulken Naryn" project, 77.4 km of water supply networks are being repaired. Similar work is underway in the villages of Altynbel, Ushtobe, and Soldatovo.The modernization of water supply systems improves residents' quality of life and creates conditions for sustainable development in the district. In 2025, repairs and paving of streets, bridges, and culverts were also completed. Medium-term repairs of 10 streets are ongoing in the village of Ulken Naryn.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/vko-ulken-naryn/press/news/details/1099724?lang=kk
Meeting of the regional commission on juvenile affairs and protection of their rights. 06.11.2025
On November 4, 2025, under the chairmanship of Deputy Akim of East Kazakhstan Region Y. Zh. Nurgaliyev, a meeting of the Regional Commission on Juvenile Affairs and Protection of Their Rights was held.The meeting was attended by the Regional Commissioner for Human Rights, the Regional Commissioner for Children’s Rights, representatives of law enforcement and local executive bodies, as well as chairpersons of city and district commissions.During the meeting, special attention was paid to the issues of identifying and supporting families in difficult life situations, and providing them with targeted social, medical, and educational assistance.The importance of ensuring equal access to education for children with special educational needs, developing inclusive education, equipping educational institutions with specialized equipment, and training teachers was also emphasized.Within the framework of the “Law and Order” principle, the necessity of enhancing educational, informational, and cultural-leisure activities aimed at fostering law-abiding behavior and civic responsibility among minors was highlighted.Following the meeting, instructions were given to strengthen interagency cooperation, improve preventive measures, ensure the safety of minors, and reinforce the system for protecting their rights and legitimate interests.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/vko-ulken-naryn/press/news/details/1099725?lang=kk
Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Mexico Meets with the Secretary General of the Organization of Turkic States 06.11.2025
Mexico City, November 5, 2025 – As part of the working visit to Mexico, the Secretary General of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), Kubanychbek Omuraliev, visited the Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Mexico, where he held a bilateral meeting with the Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Mexico, Almurat Turganbekov.The parties exchanged views on strengthening cooperation between the OTS member countries and Mexico, and emphasized the important role of Kazakhstan in developing ties between Central Asia and Latin America.In addition, at the premises of the Kazakh Embassy, Kubanychbek Omuraliev gave an interview to the leading Mexican business publication “El Economista”, which specializes in analyzing economic, financial, and business developments in Mexico and around the world.The OTS Secretary General also visited the Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan, where he took part in a joint meeting with the Chargé d’Affaires of Azerbaijan, Elnara Rzayeva, the Ambassador of Türkiye, Murat Salim Esenli, and the Ambassador of Kazakhstan, Almurat Turganbekov.During the meeting, the participants discussed plans for further activities during the OTS visit to Mexico, including preparations for meetings at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), whose headquarters are located in El Batán (State of Mexico), as well as with representatives of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources, and the Mexican Agency for International Development Cooperation (AMEXCID).Alongside these events, Kubanychbek Omuraliev held bilateral meetings with members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Mexican Congress, including the “Mexico – Kazakhstan” Parliamentary Friendship Group.Kubanychbek Omuraliev expressed his gratitude to the Embassy of Kazakhstan for its assistance in organizing the meeting with Mexican parliamentarians.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-mexico/press/news/details/1099726?lang=kk
Ties are strengthening with Hungarian think tanks and experts 06.11.2025
Budapest, October 30, 2025 - The Ambassador of the Republic of Kazakhstan to Hungary, Abzal Saparbekuly, visited the National University of Public Administration named after "Ludovika" and got acquainted with the work of the "Centre for Turkic Studies", which opened within the walls of this educational institution on September 22.The main mission of the Center is to better understand the growing strategic role of the Turkic world not only for Hungary, but also for the future of Europe as a whole, and to demonstrate that Hungary plays an important role in connecting these regions and building mutual dialogue.In addition, the Ambassador met with the Executive Director of the Center for Central Asian Studies of the Corvinus University, Professor Dr. Márton Krasznai, on the same day, and discussed the prospects for mutually beneficial cooperation with the Center.It is worth noting that M. Krasznai participated in the "Astana Think Tank Forum" held in Astana on October 16 and gave an extensive report on water diplomacy (https://astanatimes.com/2025/10/hungarian-expert-calls-for-evidence-driven-water-diplomacy-at-astana-think-tank-forum/).Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-budapest/press/news/details/1099699?lang=kk
Minister of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan Yerlan Sarsembayev met with Alexey Rogov Head of the OSCE Programme Office in Astana 06.11.2025
During the meeting, the Minister noted the fruitful cooperation between the Ministry of Justice and the OSCE, including the successful implementation of the Action Plan on Human Rights and the Rule of Law. He also presented plans for the implementation of recommendations received following the presentation of National Reports under the Universal Periodic Review and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, held earlier this year at the UN platform.The parties agreed to organize a series of important joint events aimed at improving the human rights situation in Kazakhstan and ensuring the implementation of the received recommendations.At the conclusion of the meeting, both sides emphasized the productive nature of the dialogue and expressed their readiness to further strengthen constructive cooperation and partnership interaction.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/adilet/press/news/details/1099702?lang=kk
A New Akim Elected for the Village 05.11.2025
A New Akim Elected for the Village According to the results of the elections held on November 2, 2025, and the decision of the Mangystau District Election Commission, Nauryzbek Orazgululy Mergenov has been appointed as the Akim of the Tushchyquduk Rural District. Deputy Akim of the district Maralbek Seilov officially introduced the newly appointed Akim to the villagers and instructed him to begin implementing upcoming tasks.Chairman of the Mangystau District Election Commission Lazym Zhonasov presented the Akim with his official ID.Local residents expressed their expectations for innovative work from the elected leader and wished him success in his future service. It should be noted that Nauryzbek Mergenov was born in 1998 in the village of Tushchyquduk, Mangystau District.In 2019, he graduated from the Caspian State University of Technologies and Engineering named after Sh. Yesenov with a degree in Public and Local Administration,and in 2022, he completed his studies at the West Kazakhstan Innovative-Technological University with a degree in History. He began his career in 2019–2020 at the Office of the Akim of the Tushchyquduk Rural District,worked in 2020–2021 at the Department of Land Relations of the Mangystau District,in 2021–2022 served as a chief specialist at the Department of Culture, Language Development, and Archival Affairs of Mangystau Region.From 2022 to 2024, he worked as a history teacher at the S. Zhangabylov Secondary School,and since October 2024, he has served as a chief specialist at the Office of the Akim of the Tushchyquduk Rural DistrictSource : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mangystau-tyshyqudyq-district/press/news/details/1099653?lang=kk
Employee Workshop 05.11.2025
A seminar for employees of the Department and territorial departments chaired by the Deputy Head of the DGD Commissioner for Ethics Bauyrzhan Shaikenov was held in the Department of State Revenues in Akmola region, with the participation of the senior operative of the department for combating drug crime of the DP of Akmola region, police lieutenant colonel Razia Kursanova, Senior State Traffic Inspector of the Police Department of the Akmola Region, Police Captain Timur Shaikhinov, Aigul Nurmaganbetova, head of the Akmola branch of Senimen Bolasha қ, psychologist of the Youth Resource Center in Kokshetau, Gulshat Koshaeva.At this event, the issues of "Types of chemical dependence. Legal aspects," "On the prevention and prevention of fraud," "Gambling addiction," "Non-discrimination and sexual harassment of women in government," as well as compliance with the ethics of civil servants.Employees were given answers to their questions.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/kgd-akmola/press/news/details/1113342?lang=kk
NOTIFICATION OF TEMPORARY WATER SHUTDOWN 05.11.2025
In connection with the connection of the Construction of an apartment complex under construction at the address: mkr. Jubilee 1A.On November 07, 2025, from 09:00 to 22:00, cold water supply will be temporarily stopped at the following addresses:Residential district "Jubilee" houses 1, 4, 5, 7, 14, 15, 16.GKP Kostanay-Su apologizes for the temporary inconvenience.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/kostanai-kalasy-akimat/press/news/details/1099650?lang=kk
Sponsorship of medical aid to the villages of Krestovka and Chapaevo 05.11.2025
The Altai District Maslikhat and the residents of the rural districts express their sincere gratitude to Deputies Kairdy Aitkeshovich Baikubinov and Zhanatbek Kakenovich Bugubaev for their generous sponsorship and support of the medical workers in the villages of Krestovka and Chapaevo.With the allocated funds, construction materials, linoleum, and paints were purchased, and repairs were carried out at the Feldsher-Obstetric Stations (FAPs).Thanks to your support, more comfortable conditions have been created for the work of medical staff and for receiving residents of the villages.We sincerely thank you for your attention, compassion, and contribution to the development of rural infrastructure!Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/altay-maslihat/press/news/details/1099613?lang=kk
Gratitude to Sergey Vladimirovich Ognev, Deputy of the East Kazakhstan Regional Maslikhat 05.11.2025
Deputy of the East Kazakhstan Regional Maslikhat Sergey Vladimirovich Ognev provided sponsorship assistance for the improvement of the territory of KSU “Zubov Secondary School.”Thanks to Sergey Vladimirovich’s initiative and support, the schoolyard was asphalted, which greatly improved the conditions for organizing the educational process, recreation, and school events. The renewed area became not only more comfortable and safe but also more attractive and well-maintained.The school administration and the Altai District Department of Education expressed their sincere gratitude to Sergey Vladimirovich for his responsiveness, attention to educational matters, and active participation in creating comfortable conditions for children’s learning and development.We thank Sergey Vladimirovich for his care for the younger generation and wish him continued success in his public and professional activities!Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/altay-maslihat/press/news/details/1099617?lang=kk
“Best Author’s Educational Program” 05.11.2025
On October 31, 2025, the district stage of the “Best Author’s Educational Program” competition was held.Results of the district competition:Nomination “Education Management”1st place – Turlybayeva Gulnar Koshkynbayeva, Deputy Principal for Educational Work, “Sosnovka Secondary School”.Nomination “Preschool Education and Primary School”1st place – Keshubayeva Gulnaz Salvekova, primary school teacher, “N. Baymuratov Secondary School”;2nd place – Baimukhametova Oksana Fedorovna, primary school teacher, “Sosnovka Secondary School”;3rd place – Zhasulanova Aidana Serikovna, primary school teacher, “K. Ryskulbekov Secondary School”.Nomination “Natural Sciences”1st place – Azhikova Lyaily Sarsenovna, biology teacher, “Kanonerka Secondary School”;2nd place – Kaliascarova Zulfiya Dyusenbayevna, chemistry teacher, “Sosnovka Secondary School”;3rd place – Dauletbayeva Aigerim Zhastlekovna, “Secondary General Education School No.1”.Nomination “Social and Humanities Subjects”1st place – Satemirova Aliya Bakpenovna, Russian language and literature teacher, “Sosnovka Secondary School”;2nd place – Gubaydullina Galiya Akparovna, Kazakh language and literature teacher, “Sosnovka Secondary School”;3rd place – Utovlinova Aisha Berikbolovna, Russian language and literature teacher, “K. Ryskulbekov Secondary School”.Congratulations to all winners!Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/beskaragay-roo/press/news/details/1099536?lang=kk
“Our Champions at the ‘Equal Opportunities’ Festival!” 05.11.2025
Students of Secondary School No.1 took part in the inclusive sports festival “Equal Opportunities”, organized by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the National Scientific and Practical Center for Physical Education.The competitions were held among students of grades 3–4, 5–6 and 7–8. Our students showed excellent results thanks to perseverance, hard work and strong team spirit! 💪✨ The girls’ team of class 4 “A” —Zaken Aruzhan, Ertaeva Ayala, Darmen Meruert (team “Alau”) —achieved the following results:🥇 in the relay “We will be the winners” — 1st place🥇 in track and field (50 m, 100 m, 200 m) — 1st place🔥 The boys’ team of class 4 “Ә” —Asetuly Nurdaulet, Bakytbek Zhangir, Bolatbek Aisultan (team “Sunkar”) —also achieved the following:🥇 in the relay “We will be the winners” — 1st place🥇 in track and field (50 m, 100 m, 200 m) — 1st place.We sincerely congratulate our young athletes on their bright victories! 🎉We wish them even more achievements and new victories ahead!Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/beskaragay-roo/press/news/details/1099519?lang=kk
A meeting of the regional commission on minors and the protection of their rights was held. 05.11.2025
On November 4, 2025, a meeting of the regional commission on minors and the protection of their rights was held under the chairmanship of E.Zh. Nurgaliev, Deputy Akim of the East Kazakhstan Region.The commission was attended by the Human Rights Commissioner for the East Kazakhstan Region, the Regional Commissioner for Children's Rights, representatives of law enforcement and local executive bodies, as well as the chairs of city and district commissions.During the meeting, special attention was paid to identifying and supporting families in difficult life situations and providing them with targeted social, medical, and educational assistance.The importance of ensuring equal access to education for children with special educational needs, developing inclusive education, equipping educational institutions with specialized equipment, and training teachers was also noted.As part of the implementation of the "Law and Order" principle, the need to intensify educational, informational, and cultural and leisure activities aimed at fostering law-abiding behavior and civic responsibility among minors was noted.Following the meeting, instructions were given to strengthen interagency cooperation, improve preventive measures, ensure the safety of minors, and strengthen the system for protecting their rights and legitimate interests.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/vko-samar/press/news/details/1099520?lang=kk
The Decree of the Head of State approved the basic principles, values, and directions of the domestic policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 05.11.2025
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev signed the Decree "On Approval of the Basic Principles, Values and Directions of the Domestic Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan." At the 4th session of the National Congress, experts and public figures proposed developing a single conceptual document that would regulate all work carried out in the field of domestic policy. The President supported this idea, noting that it should be aimed at systematizing the work of state structures. The Presidential Administration and interested state bodies have prepared the document "Basic Principles, Values, and Directions of Domestic Policy" based on the annual Addresses, speeches of the Head of State, and the National Development Plan of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2029. Members of the National Congress, experts, and representatives of scientific and public organizations actively participated in the development of the conceptual document. This document is primarily intended for government agencies. Its main goal is to systematize and coordinate work in the field of domestic policy. It includes such domestic policy principles as "Law and Order", "A State That Listens to the Voice of the People", "Diverse Perspectives - a United Nation", "Strong President - Influential Parliament - Accountable Government", "Honest Citizen", and "Clean Kazakhstan". A list of national values raised at the National Congress meetings was also introduced. A system of national symbols was created to reflect national identity. The document identifies priority areas of domestic policy, such as public dialogue, interethnic relations, religion, cultural and humanitarian, family, youth, and information. The adopted conceptual document will serve as the basis for organizing the work of state bodies in the field of domestic policy.
GROWTH OF THE KAZAKHSTAN ECONOMY: FROM QUANTITY TO QUALITY 05.11.2025
In 2025, the economy of Kazakhstan is showing solid growth — GDP increased by 6.3%. But economic indicators are primarily important in terms of how they affect people's daily lives. In recent years, our country has experienced significant growth. Domestic tourism has increased by 40%, reaching 10.5 million people. The number of Kazakhstanis traveling abroad has tripled. Air and taxi transportation has also increased: the number of taxi passengers has increased from 54.3 million in 2018 to 73.3 million in 2024 - an increase of 35%. The increase in the well-being of citizens is also noticeable in the housing market: in 2020–2024, more than 1.1 million people acquired their own housing. This is an indicator of growing income and freedom. The quality of life of Kazakhstanis is also improving: the eating culture has changed, and meat and fruit consumption has increased. The food basket for socially vulnerable groups has expanded from 20 items to 43. In cities and villages, work has intensified on gas supply, lighting, road repairs, and yard improvements. All of this is the foundation of a new quality of life. Economic growth is not a goal, but a means. The main thing is that this growth is felt in the lives of every family, in the opportunities of every person. The new stage of Kazakhstan is a transition from quantitative growth to qualitative development.
Ambassador of Kazakhstan visited the city of Liepaja 05.11.2025
Liepaja, November 4, 2025 – The Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Latvia, Dauren Karipov, paid a working visit to the city of Liepaja – a major industrial and port center of Latvia.During the visit, the Ambassador visited the “Liepaja Northern Shipyard”, a ship repair plant with a century-long history of successful operations, known for its unique technologies and highly qualified engineering staff. During the meeting with the plant’s management, issues of establishing cooperation with Kazakhstani enterprises were discussed.In addition, during meetings with representatives of the city’s business community, there was an exchange of views on opportunities to strengthen trade and economic cooperation, implement joint investment projects, and expand partnerships between the two countries.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-riga/press/news/details/1099472?lang=kk
БРК профинансирует модернизацию распределительных электросетей в рамках Нацпроекта МЭКС 05.11.2025
АО «Банк Развития Казахстана» выступило финансовым партнёром инвестиционного проекта ТОО «Қарағанды Жарық» в рамках Национального проекта по модернизации энергетического и коммунального секторов (МЭКС).Средства будут направлены на реализацию масштабной программы модернизации электросетевой инфраструктуры Карагандинской области — одного из ключевых регионов энергосистемы страны.Привлечение финансирования стало важным шагом в повышении надежности и устойчивости электросетевого комплекса региона. Средства будут направлены на обновление оборудования, снижение аварийности и улучшение качества электроснабжения для населения и бизнеса.Национальный проект «Модернизация энергетического и коммунального секторов» (МЭКС), нацеленный на реализацию приоритетных задач государственной социальной политики в сфере ЖКХ, был утвержден Правительством РК в декабре прошлого года. Его участниками стали субъекты естественных монополий, реализующие инвестиционные инициативы по обновлению инженерной и коммунальной инфраструктуры страны.По итогам реализации Нацпроекта ожидается снижение аварийности на 20% и сокращение износа энергетических активов в среднем по стране до 40%. Финансовое партнерство Банка Развития Казахстана и ТОО «Қарағанды Жарық» стало отражением этого курса.В рамках инвестиционного проекта «Қарағанды Жарық» реализует ряд инфраструктурных инициатив: реконструкцию воздушных линий электропередачи 110 кВ «ГРЭС-2 – Карагайлы» (1 и 2 цепи), модернизацию линии 110 кВ «Астаховка – Шокай», а также обновление подстанций 35/10 кВ «Жосалы» и 110/6 кВ «РТИ». Завершение строительства и ввод объектов в эксплуатацию запланированы до 1 июля 2029 года.В рамках проекта будет осуществлена реконструкция 58,2 км воздушных сетей, а также замена силовых трансформаторов, что, в целом, повлияет на снижение износа и аварийности сетей.Финансирование БРК выделяется в виде невозобновляемой кредитной линии на сумму 16,7 млрд тенге и сроком на 10 лет. Банк финансирует 90% стоимости проекта, которые будут направлены на проведение строительно-монтажных работ, закупку и монтаж оборудования.– Банк развития Казахстана осуществляет прямое финансирование субъектов естественных монополий в рамках «МЭКС», что можно назвать стратегическим шагом в сторону обновления и устойчивого развития коммунальной инфраструктуры страны. В начале года Банк также утвердил Программу поддержки проектов модернизации в энергетике и ЖКХ, направленную на повышение доступности и эффективности реализации инвестиционных инициатив в сфере естественных монополий, – отметил Председатель Правления БРК Марат Елибаев.Проекты «Қарағанды Жарық» – часть долгосрочной стратегии группы компаний «Казахстанские коммунальные системы» (ККС) по обновлению энергокомплекса регионов Казахстана. Группа системно инвестирует в модернизацию электрических и тепловых сетей, внедряет энергоэффективные технологии и повышает качество предоставляемых услуг.– Банк Развития Казахстана выступил финансовым партнером важного для региона инвестиционного проекта. Поддержка таких инициатив – вклад в устойчивое развитие энергетики и повышение надежности инфраструктуры, от которой напрямую зависит качество жизни людей. Мы инвестируем в развитие энергетической инфраструктуры – основу комфорта миллионов жителей страны, – подчеркнул генеральный директор ТОО «Қарағанды Жарық» Дидар Ахмадин.Напомним, Банк Развития Казахстана предлагает субъектам естественных монополий – участникам Нацпроекта МЭКС выгодные условия финансирования: размер займа от 3 млрд тенге, срок – до 20 лет и ставка вознаграждения на рыночных условиях, где 10% покрываются за счет тарифа, а остальная часть подлежит субсидированию.Всего же на текущий момент на рассмотрении в БРК в рамках МЭКС находятся 7 проектов общей стоимостью 141,8 млрд тенге. Предполагаемая сумма займа по ним составляет 126,2 млрд тенге. Отмечается, что реализация этих инициатив позволит существенно снизить уровень износа инфраструктуры в стране.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/economy/press/news/details/1099434?lang=kk
To the online meeting of the Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Pakistan with Kazakh companies, organized with the support of QazTrade 05.11.2025
Islamabad, November 4, 2025 — The Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Pakistan, H.E. Mr. Yerzhan Kistafin, together with the Center for Trade Policy Development “QazTrade”, held an online seminar with representatives of Kazakh businesses on the topic “Business Opportunities in Pakistan”, ahead of the forthcoming Kazakhstan-Pakistan trade and economic mission.During the meeting, Ambassador Yerzhan Kistafin briefed participants on Pakistan’s economic potential, its key sectors and performance indicators, recent and upcoming high-level and top-level events, as well as some outcomes of the 13th Session of the Kazakhstan-Pakistan joint Intergovernmental Commission, held on April 29 this year in Islamabad.The Ambassador urged Kazakhstan’s business community to enhance cooperation with Pakistan’s business circles, noting the significant potential for collaboration in such areas as consumer goods and food trade, agriculture, chemical and light industry, mechanical engineering, medical equipment and sports gear, pharmaceuticals, IT innovations, and education.Furthermore, the Head of Kazakhstan’s diplomatic mission highlighted the ongoing efforts to develop and strengthen international transport corridors connecting Kazakhstan and Pakistan, and discussed matters related to visa facilitation for business representatives of both countries.As a result of the meeting, both sides agreed to establish direct interaction between the Embassy of Kazakhstan in Islamabad and domestic entrepreneurs interested in building business partnerships with Pakistan.Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-islamabad/press/news/details/1099451?lang=kk
A seminar was held on the topic: “Formation of an anti-corruption culture.” 05.11.2025
The Intellectual Property Rights Department held a seminar with employees of Department No. 2 of the city of Petropavlovsk for public services of the branch of the non-profit joint-stock company "State Corporation "Government for Citizens" in the North Kazakhstan region on the topic: "Formation of an anti-corruption culture."Source : https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/adilet-sko/press/news/details/1099390?lang=kk